Answer to Question 1
The extensive and effective use of collective action in the political arena has had an impact on the discrimination and violence meted out against gays and lesbians. However, strong opposition to political policies persists. A number of state legislatures and local governments have passed laws or ordinances that prohibit same-sex marriage and permit discrimination against gays in housing and employment. It is also seen that gays still suffer physical attacks in unacceptable numbers because of their sexual orientation. The tolerance for gays that has emerged for some people may be an acceptance of individual gays in jobs or social settings but a rejection, sometimes strongly, of homosexuality as an identity or acceptable way of life.
Answer to Question 2
As the number of women in the workforce has increased and as they have moved into more traditionally male occupations, some new issues have risen to prominence. Some research disputes the belief that sexism in the workplace has declined as more women are employed. Resistance to women declines at first, but as the proportion of women in the work setting increases, renewed resistance emerges because men feel that their opportunities are being reduced due to competition with women. Research has also found that, when many women are employed in the same job, that job comes to be defined as a woman's job. Once this happens, the job tends to be devalued, with less pay and a smaller budget than when more men held that position.
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