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Cocaine was isolated in 1860 and first used as a local anesthetic in 1884. Its first clinical use was by Sigmund Freud to wean a patient from morphine addiction. The fictional character Sherlock Holmes was supposed to be addicted to cocaine by injection.
In the ancient and medieval periods, dysentery killed about ? of all babies before they reach 12 months of age. The disease was transferred through contaminated drinking water, because there was no way to adequately dispose of sewage, which contaminated the water.
Approximately one in three babies in the United States is now delivered by cesarean section. The number of cesarean sections in the United States has risen 46% since 1996.
Patients who cannot swallow may receive nutrition via a parenteral route—usually, a catheter is inserted through the chest into a large vein going into the heart.
The first successful kidney transplant was performed in 1954 and occurred in Boston. A kidney from an identical twin was transplanted into his dying brother's body and was not rejected because it did not appear foreign to his body.
![Injecting an IV push (bolus) medication; C, another type of needleless syringe and needleless IV acc](https://biology-forums.com/gallery/47/medium_18099_26_09_12_4_39_03.jpeg)
![A typical fuel pulsator used mostly with roller vane-type pumps to help even out the pulsation in ...](https://biology-forums.com/gallery/29/medium_548020_30_05_17_11_10_59_2998273.png)