How did the Muslims receive their primary obligations?
a. Umar witnessed the encounter between Muhammad and Gabriel in which Muhammad received them.
b. Ummas interpreted their obligations from the speeches of Muhammad.
c. A collection of various clan doctrines were synthesized into the primary Muslim obligations.
d. They were received by Muhammad from God.
e. They were personal instructions given by God to Umar.
Question 2
The Carolingian rule began to collapse as a result of
a. the ineptness of Charlemagne's son Louis the Pious.
b. the devastating results of the plague.
c. conflict over territories between Charlemagne's three grandsons.
d. the resurrection of the Byzantine empire.
e. Viking raids.
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