The federal law known as No Child Left Behind contains several ...

[ishan]

The federal law known as No Child Left Behind contains several requirements regarding annual testing of students. Which of the following is not one of those requirements?
 
  a. All students in grades three through eight must be tested once a year in math and reading.
  b. Students whose scores fall below the proficient level must repeat the grade they are in the following year.
  c. Each year an increasing percentage of students must score at least at the proficient level in math and reading.
  d. States must establish challenging learning standards in math, reading/language arts, and science.

Question 2

Why is the most popular form of corporal punishment, spanking, a controversial means of modifying children's behavior?
 
  What will be an ideal response?

[Juro]

Answer to Question 1

B

Answer to Question 2

The use of corporal punishment (in the form of spanking) is controversial for at least two reasons. First, surveys indicate that many parents use it because they believe that it is an effective means of controlling a child's behavior. Yet lobbying groups, like the National Coalition to Abolish Corporal Punishment in Schools, contend that it is not effective as a way to suppress undesired behavior and have worked for decades to persuade state and federal officials to outlaw the practice.
A second reason is that researchers have drawn different conclusions about what the research literature means because they use different definitions of corporal punishment. Elizabeth Gershoff, for example, reviewed eighty-eight studies conducted over the past sixty years and concluded that the use of corporal punishment resulted in low internalization of moral rules, aggressive behavior, delinquent and antisocial behavior, low-quality parent-child relationships, and physical abuse. Diana Baumrind, Robert Larzelere, and Philip Cowan argued that Gershoff's conclusions were distorted by the fact that she used a broad definition of corporal punishment that led her to include studies whose forms of punishment were more severe than most parents would administer. When Baumrind and her colleagues used a more narrow definition, they found a much weaker, but still positive, relationship between the use of corporal punishment and negative outcomes.
A third possible source of controversy is the fact that the studies Gershoff reviewed yielded correlational and not experimental data. But despite the fact that one cannot logically draw a cause-and-effect conclusion from correlational data, many people do so, and thereby believe that corporal punishment is the main or sole cause of the negative outcomes found in the studies reviewed by Gershoff.

[ishan]

Excellent

[daiying98]

Thanks for the timely response, appreciate it