Answer to Question 1
a
Answer to Question 2
Answer: The four parts of the cost hierarchy are output unit-level costs, batch-level costs, product (or service) sustaining costs, and facility sustaining costs. Output unit-level costs are costs of activities performed on each individual unit of a product or service. Batch-level costs are the costs of activities related to a group of units of products or services rather than to each individual unit of product or service. Product (or service) sustaining costs are the costs of activities undertaken to support individual products or services regardless of the number of units or batches in which the products are produced. Facility-sustaining costs are the costs of activities that cannot be traced to individual products or services but support the organization as a whole. When compared to the fixed-variable dichotomy, which considers only units of output as a cost driver, the four part cost hierarchy provides opportunity to model many different cost drivers. For example, batch-level costs and product (or service) sustaining costs are driven by the number of batches of a product and the number of different products. Neither of these class of cost drivers are able to be considered in a simple fixed-variable dichotomy.
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A cowbird with its foster parent. A female cowbird minimizes her cost of parental care by laying her