Answer to Question 1
The moral dilemmas that are typically used to assess one's stage of moral reasoning are seen by some as being too far removed from the everyday experiences of most people to be relevant.
Kohlberg was criticized for emphasizing the underlying morality of such broad social issues as civil rights, free speech, and wilderness preservation at the expense of such everyday, micromoral issues as courtesy, helpfulness, and caring about particular people.
Recent research has shown that the ability to engage in moral reasoning does not always account for moral behavior. The strength and stability of one's self-concept also plays a role.
Answer to Question 2
Mnemonic devices are effective because they facilitate the encoding and retrieval of information by helping the learner in four ways. First, they help the learner to organize apparently unordered new information by providing a context, such as a word or sentence that imposes order on the material. Second, the meaningfulness of new material is enhanced when it is associated with familiar, meaningful information, such as memory pegs or loci. Third, they provide distinctive retrieval cues that are encoded with the new material. Fourth, they force the learner to be an active participant in the learning process, which facilitates that process.
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