Answer to Question 1
D
Answer to Question 2
Answer: At least five characteristics are typical of recreational work (Coonradt, 1985): (1) Goals are clearly defined; (2) Scorekeeping is objective, self-administered, peer-audited, and compared to past performance; (3) Feedback is frequent; (4) Personal choice is present; rules are consistent and don't change until the season is over; and (5) A competitive environment is present. Despite the inherent motivation and commitment associated with these principles of recreational work, many leaders today behave inconsistently with them. Their vision is not stated clearly and precisely. There is no objective, self-administrated evaluation system. The scorekeeping system is controlled hierarchically, by managers one step above, instead of being peer-audited and continuous, as in recreation. Criteria of evaluation are vague and inconsistently administered. Organization feedback often comes only when quarterly earnings statements are tabulated, and then it is often focused on what went wrong. Personal freedom is too often constrained, as evidenced by the elaborate bureaucratic structures that typify most large organizations. It is not unusual to have the criteria of success change in the middle of the game, especially if a new manager takes over. And, most employees never see how what they do makes any difference at all in obtaining the ultimate goal, or winning against a competitor.
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