Answer to Question 1
Escalation of commitment refers to staying with a decision even when there is clear evidence it's wrong. Individuals escalate commitment to a failing course of action when they view themselves as responsible for the failure. In fact, people who carefully gather and consider information consistent with the rational decision-making model are more likely to engage in escalation of commitment than those who spend less time thinking about their choices. Perhaps they have invested so much time and energy into making their decisions that they have convinced themselves they're taking the right course of action and don't update their knowledge in the face of new information.
Answer to Question 2
C
Explanation: C) Four ingredients are common to MBO programs: goal specificity, participation in decision making (including participation in the setting of goals or objectives), an explicit time period, and performance feedback.
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