Answer to Question 1
Answer: The most appropriate motivation theory is the equity theory. Equity refers to workers' perceptions of the fairness of rewards. Evaluations of equity are based on a social comparison process in which workers individually compare what they are getting out of the work relationship (outcomes) to what they are putting into the work relationship (inputs). The ratio of outcomes to inputs is then compared to corresponding ratios of other individuals, judged to be an appropriate comparison group. If workers experience feelings of inequity, they will adjust their own or fellow workers' inputs and/or outputs. In this case, confidential interviews with some of the hourly employees indicated a situation of inequity likely exists. It appears these employees are decreasing their work efforts, i.e., not working anywhere near their full potential, in order to restore feelings of equity. The most applicable management style to describe Harry Mitchell is Theory X. Harry's comments indicate he believes people really do not want to work hard or assume responsibility. Although Harry seems to be willing to listen to Denise's recommendations, he does appear to believe that managers must coerce, intimidate, manipulate, and closely supervise their employees. Denise certainly has her work cut for her.
Answer to Question 2
Answer: (1) Reprimand; Identify the specific inappropriate behaviors; if a manager does not do this effectively, an employee might develop poor morale and/or continue inappropriate behavior; (2) Redirect; Describe the behaviors that are expected; if a manager does not do this effectively, an employee might burn out or give up on trying to meet expectations, settle for mundane performance, and fail to innovate or get involved; (3) Reinforce; Utilize rewards salient to the employee, link the rewards to desired behaviors, and provide rewards in a timely manner. If a manager does not do this effectively, an employee might become less satisfied with work.
A hypothetical model of the process of cell-wall expansion.
Wilson and Simberloff's experiments on the equilibrium model of biogeography.
Theory of Mind
DNA double helix model
A Sociological Timeline of Major Figures in the Development of Sociological Theory, 1820–1960
The attenuation model regulating the tryptophan operon