Answer to Question 1
B
Answer to Question 2
Four major approaches to implementation are authority, persuasion, policy, and feedback mechanisms. Authority is formal power. As part of plan implementation, the employee at each position is vested with the authority to make certain decisions and is held accountable for those decisions. Subordinates are expected to comply with the requests of people in positions of authority.
A plan that is acceptable to employees increases commitment to that plan. Persuasion is an important aspect of effectively implementing plans. Employees who are convinced of the merits of a plan are more likely to respond enthusiastically to directives of managers who have formal authority and to go beyond the call of duty in finding better ways to effectively execute the plan. Persuasion in most companies requires employee involvement rather than a manager simply making a speech extolling the virtues of a particular plan.
Organizations develop policies that define appropriate and inappropriate behavior. These guidelines usually appear in a formal document to ensure that relevant policy information is communicated to all individuals involved.
Successful plan implementation requires a continuous flow of information that is used to determine to what extent the plan is being carried out as expected. It is also important to assess how and why individual activities are helping attain company objectives.
Cultural Coherence and Diversity
Teritary Structure and Functional Diversity
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Antigen Receptor Diversity