Answer to Question 1
Answer: A
Answer to Question 2
Answer: To increase workplace spirituality within their organizations, managers can work to promote five primary characteristics:
a. Strong sense of purpose: Spiritual organizations build their cultures around a meaningful purpose. To build spiritual organizations, managers should emphasize that while profits are important, they're not the primary values of the organization.
b. Focus on individual development: Spiritual organizations recognize the worth and value of individuals. To increase workplace spirituality, managers should seek to create cultures in which employees can continually grow and learn.
c. Trust and openness: Spiritual organizations are characterized by mutual trust, honesty, and openness. To promote spirituality, managers shouldn't be afraid to admit mistakes. They should be upfront with employees, customers, and suppliers.
d. Employee empowerment: The high-trust climate in spiritual organizations, when combined with the desire to promote learning and growth, leads to managers empowering employees to make most work-related decisions. To promote spirituality, managers should trust employees to take thoughtful and conscientious decisions.
e. Tolerance of employee expression: Spiritually based organizations don't stifle employee emotions. To promote workplace spirituality, managers should create environments in which employees can express their moods and feelings without guilt or fear of reprimand.
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Testing for Homans’ sign