Answer to Question 1
Workplace incivility can be defined as rude interpersonal behaviors reflective of a lack of regard and respect for others. Such behavior may be on the rise, which can lead to more negative moods being experienced by organizational members. The increasing use of email and phone conversations in place of face-to-face communications, mounting workloads, and pressures on many employees have resulted in some managers and employees being uncivil to each other and just plain rude. Office incivility can range from ignoring a coworker or subordinate, making rude comments, or never having the time for even a brief conversation to raising one's voice, being sarcastic, refusing requests for help, and verbal belittlement. When organizational members are uncivil toward each other, there can be potentially numerous negative consequences, in addition to the recipients of such behavior feeling bad, such as reduced job satisfaction and lower organizational effectiveness.
Answer to Question 2
D
