Answer to Question 1
The Big Five dimensions of personality include extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience.
Extraversion, also known as positive affectivity, predisposes individuals to experience positive emotional states and feel good about themselves. Extraverts tend to be sociable, affectionate, and friendly. Individuals who are low on extraversion are called intraverts and tend to have fewer social interactions and experience fewer positive emotional states.
Neuroticism, or negative affectivity, reflects people's tendency to feel distressed or to view the world around them negatively. Individuals high on neuroticism are more likely to have a negative orientation toward work, be more self-critical, and feel stressed.
Agreeableness is the degree to which people get along with others. Individuals with higher levels of agreeableness are more likable, more able to care for others, and have a greater capability for being affectionate toward others. Individuals who cannot agree are antagonistic, mistrustful, unsympathetic, uncooperative, and rude.
Conscientiousness is how caring, principled, and persistent an individual is. Conscientiousness has been shown to be a good predictor of several factors related to organizational performance. Organized individuals with self-discipline have high levels of conscientiousness.
Openness to experience captures how open an individual is to new and broader experiences. Individuals with low levels of openness to experience tend to be narrow-minded and risk-aversive, whereas those with high levels tend to be open-minded, creative, and innovative.
Answer to Question 2
B
Traits With Single-Gene Dominant–Recessive Inheritance
A Mental Model of the Craftsman Experiment
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Bandura's social-cognitive model of human behaviour
DNA-Z computer model
Mendel's Seven Pea Plant Traits