Answer to Question 1
D
Answer to Question 2
Middle school students are in early adolescence and are undergoing major physical changes related to puberty, social changes related to the desire to conform to the norms of a peer group, emotional changes related to the hormonal changes of puberty and the continued influence of egocentric thought, and cognitive changes related to the refinement of concrete operational schemes and the beginnings of formal operational schemes.
Because early adolescence is characterized by an increased need for autonomy, an acute
self-consciousness, the developing awareness of others' feelings and the importance of peer acceptance, concerns about self-image, and the capacity for abstract thought, school environments should stress the following characteristics: students should be allowed to
make decisions about such things as classroom rules, where they sit, and time spent on various tasks. Teachers should strive to establish a friendly, supportive, and caring relationship with students; stress small-group and individualized instruction and deemphasize whole-class instruction and ability grouping; use predetermined standards for
grades rather than grading on a curve; and emphasize discussion and group problem-solving activities rather than copying information from textbooks or filling out worksheets.
The recent mass upheavals in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Yemen, and Syria gave political scientists a cha
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