Answer to Question 1
In 1513, Niccolo Machiavelli published a book, titled The Prince. In it, he outlined a ruthless strategy for seizing and holding political power. Some of his guiding principles are as follows: Never show humility; arrogance is far more effective when dealing with others. Morality and ethics are for the weak; powerful people feel free to cheat, lie, and practice deception whenever doing so will suit their purpose. It is better to be feared than loved. In short, Machiavelli urged those who desired power to adopt a single-minded approach to successdoing whatever it takes to win.
Answer to Question 2
Reliability is the degree to which a test yields stable, consistent scores over time. Validity is the extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.
