Answer to Question 1
Right on time. Thanks a bunch.
Answer to Question 2
Students should recognize that culture can be perceived differently, though the differences don't have to be dramatic. Since culture isn't explicitly taught or expressed, perceptions of different cultural aspects can differ. The individual's formal and social status in the organization will likely shape their perception of the organization's culture, as will other aspects such as job satisfaction. For example, a satisfied employee may agree that the organization is providing excellent customer service while a dissatisfied employee may disagree that this espoused value is actually being expressed. To provide an extreme example, an embezzling CEO is likely to believe that the organization's culture is healthy and sustainable, but employees that notice the wrongdoing by their superior are likely to have a very different opinion about what is done and valued. A member of the sales team may perceive a very competitive culture whereas support staff may view the culture as collaborative. Because culture is based on our perception of it and on the perception of whether we are meeting our espoused values, perceptual errors can cause differences in how an individual conceptualizes (and subsequently expresses) their organization's culture.
A controlled fire being set as part of ecosystem management in Jasper National Park.
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Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm, 15th Edition