Answer to Question 1
The perceiver's motivational state (the perceiver's needs, values, and desires at the time of perception) influences his or her perception of the target. Perceivers see what they want to see, hear what they want to hear, and believe what they want to believe, because of their motivational state. Motivational states can result in accurate perceptions or faulty decision making.
The perceiver's mood (how the perceiver feels at the time of perception) can also influence perception of the target. When employees are in a positive mood, they are likely to perceive their coworkers, supervisors, subordinates, and their jobs in a more positive light than they would when they are in a negative mood.
Answer to Question 2
There are two major types of psychological contracts. Transactional contracts tend to be short term and very specific. They are narrow in focus and relatively flexible given their short-term nature. They include limited promises and obligations. An example of a transactional contract is an employment situation in which there is an initial probationary period, during which either party can terminate the relationship. Relational contracts are long term. They are general and evolving with extensive and broad promises and obligations. An example of a relational contract is tenured university professors.
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