Causal-comparative research is also called ex post facto research because the investigator
a. studies relationships after they have happened.
b. studies only facts.
c. studies whole environments rather than facts.
d. actively manipulates the independent variable and studies its effect on the dependent variable.
e. actively manipulates the dependent variable and studies its effect on the independent variable.
Question 2
A teacher was surprised to find a negative correlation between pretest scores and the amount of change in a pretest-posttest design. How would you explain the negative correlation to the teacher?
a. The students who did well on the pretest did not learn as much during the instructional period.
b. The method of instruction was not appropriate for those students who had high pretest scores.
c. Students who have high scores on the pretest can be expected to have low change scores because of the ceiling effect on the posttest.
d. The negative correlation is due to the low reliability of the pretest and the posttest.
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