Answer to Question 1
Ra
pid upward mobility - Prevents individuals from having to live with consequences of their actions and learning from their successes and failures.
Movement within a single function - Individuals never gain knowledge of total organization, particularly of how subunits fit together.
Shortterm performance pressures - Individuals get better at tactical and operational management than at longterm strategic and visionary leadership.
Recruitment for specific technical skills - Internal employee pool is thin on individuals with real leadership potential.
Answer to Question 2
motional bond encourages employees to coordinate their efforts, communicate
more honestly and freely, take the risks required of creativity, and manage conflicts in ways that benefit the organization. By locating a sense of purpose and meaning within the organization's mission and goals, employees are ready and willing to make sacrifices on behalf of the organization, to act in ways that are informed by the organization's core values and renewed strategies, and to alter behaviors in ways that enhance the company's performance.
The instrumental exchange of effort for reward cannot be overlooked in
any organization. The drive to acquirethat is, the desire of individuals to boost
their share of scarce resourcesis fundamental to human nature. But it is not the
only fundamental human drive. People also have a need to bond, to form networks,
to be part of mutually reinforcing relationships.
Leaders who fail to create the opportunity for emotional bonding will find
it difficult to generate high levels of commitment to change.
Four main models that describe the relationship between ecosystem function and biodiversity.
A new drug development timeline, with the four phases of drug approval
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
Economic and Social Development
Cradle the head briefly in both hands to end this section.
Genetic analysis of vulval development in C. elegans