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In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function, such as in acute kidney (renal) failure.
After a vasectomy, it takes about 12 ejaculations to clear out sperm that were already beyond the blocked area.
The term pharmacology is derived from the Greek words pharmakon("claim, medicine, poison, or remedy") and logos ("study").
Many medications that are used to treat infertility are injected subcutaneously. This is easy to do using the anterior abdomen as the site of injection but avoiding the area directly around the belly button.
In women, pharmacodynamic differences include increased sensitivity to (and increased effectiveness of) beta-blockers, opioids, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and typical antipsychotics.