Answer to Question 1
Parkinson argued that growth in the number of managers and hierarchical levels is controlled by two principles: (1 ) An official wants to multiply subordinates, not rivals, and (2 ) Officials make work for one another.
Managers value their rank, grade, or status in the hierarchy. Managers seek to increase the number of their subordinates. In turn, these subordinates realize the status advantages of having subordinates, so they try to increase the number of their subordinates, causing the hierarchy to become taller and taller. As the number of levels increases, managers must spend more of their time monitoring and controlling the actions and behaviors of their subordinates and thus create unnecessary work for themselves.
Answer to Question 2
a;
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