Answer to Question 1
A connectionist view suggests that deductive reasoning may occur when a given pattern of activation in one set of nodes (e.g., those associated with a particular premise or set of premises) entails or produces a particular pattern of activation in a second set of nodes. Similarly, a connectionist model of inductive reasoning may involve the repeated activation of a series of similar patterns across various instances. This repeated activation then may strengthen the links among the activated nodes. It thereby leads to generalization or abstraction of the pattern for a variety of instances.
Answer to Question 2
In one study exploring moral reasoning in people who show antisocial behaviors indicative of poor moral reasoning, malfunctions were noted in several areas within the prefrontal cortex, including the dorsal and ventral regions. Additionally, impairments in the amygdala, hippocampus, angular gyrus, anterior cingulate, and temporal cortex also were observed. Recall that the anterior cingulate is involved in decision making and the hippocampus is involved in working memory. Therefore, it is to be expected that malfunctions in these areas would result in deficiencies in reasoning.
Lab: Paramecium Model
Edward Bellamy, author of the utopian novel Looking Backward (1888) Bellamy’s socialism worried many
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