Answer to Question 1
An expert frequently has to hold large amounts of information in memory to perform a task. For example, chess masters can play chess games without seeing the chess board, which means they can hold the positions of all the chess pieces in memory. People who perform calculations like the multiplication of two six-digit numbers in their mind must be able to hold intermediate results in their memory. It is not possible for working memory to hold such large amounts of information. How do experts perform these tasks then?
To answer this question, it has been suggested that experts develop a long-term working memory in their area of expertise. The concept of long-term working memory has been developed because to execute their skills experts often have to hold more information in their working memory than working memory possibly can hold. Long-term working memory retains memories in a stable form (unlike short-term working memory) but can be accessed only with adequate retrieval cues. When the expert performs and gets interrupted, he will be able to retrieve the information stored in long-term working memory again, using the retrieval cues.
Answer to Question 2
Experts have large, rich schemas with a great deal of declarative knowledge about the domain. The schemas of experts contain a great deal of procedural knowledge about problem- solving strategies relevant to a given domain. Novices have relatively impoverished schemas with relatively less declarative knowledge about domain. The schemas of novices contain relatively little procedural knowledge about problem strategies relevant to the given domain.
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