Answer to Question 1
include the following steps:
1 . Problem identification: Do we actually have a problem?
2 . Problem definition and representation: What exactly is our problem?
3 . Strategy formulation: How can we solve the problem?
4 . Organization of information: How do the various pieces of information in the problem fit together?
5 . Resource allocation: How much time, effort, and money should I put into this problem?
6 . Monitoring: Am I on track as I proceed to solve the problem?
7 . Evaluation: Did I solve the problem correctly?
Answer to Question 2
Through practice in applying strategies, experts may automatize various operations. They can retrieve and execute these operations easily while working forward. They use two important processes: One is schematization, which involves developing rich, highly organized schemas; the other is automatization, which involves consolidating sequences of steps into unified routines that require little or no conscious control. Through these two processes, experts may shift the burden of solving problems from limited-capacity working memory to infinite-capacity long-term memory. They thereby become increasingly efficient and accurate in solving problems. The freeing of their working-memory capacity may better enable them to monitor their progress and their accuracy during problem solving. Novices, in contrast, must use their working memory to hold multiple features of a problem and various possible alternative strategies. This effort may leave novices with less working memory available for monitoring their accuracy and their progress toward solving the problem.
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