Answer to Question 1
In transparency, people see analogies where they do not exist because of similarity of content. In making analogies, we need to be sure we are focusing on the relationships between the two terms being compared, not just their surface content attributes. For example, in studying for final exams in two psychology courses, you may need different strategies when studying for a closed-book essay exam than for an open-book, multiple-choice exam. Transparency of content may lead to negative transfer between nonisomorphic problems if care is not taken to avoid such transfer.
Answer to Question 2
Meansends analysis: Solving the problem by decreasing the distance between the current position in the problem space and the end goal in that space.
Working forward: Start at the beginning and attempt to solve the problem from the start to the finish.
Working backward: Start at the end and attempt to work backward from there.
Generate and test: Generate alternative courses of action, not necessarily in a systematic way, and note whether each course of action will work.
