Answer to Question 1
Working memory posits limited-capacity, limited duration components including the visuospatial sketchpad, which briefly stores visual information and the phonological loop which briefly stores verbal information. The central executive allocates attention within working memory. It decides how to divide attention between two or more tasks that need to be done at the same time, or how to switch attention back and forth between multiple tasks. Because attention is a limited resource, trying to perform two tasks at the same time limits the amount of attention that can be paid to each activity.
Answer to Question 2
In the self-reference effect, participants show very high levels of recall when asked to meaningfully relate words to themselves by determining whether the words describe them. Even the words that participants assess as not describing themselves are recalled at high levels. This high recall is a result of considering whether the words do or do not describe the participants. The highest levels of recall, however, occur with words that people consider self-descriptive. Many other researchers have found similar self-reference effects. Objects can be better remembered, for example, if they belong to the participant.
Specifics of how students would apply the self-reference to their own studying will vary, but might include applying concepts to themselves and their own lives.
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