Answer to Question 1
Moray modified Broadbent's early filter model so that the filter blocks out most information at the sensory level. Personally important messages are so powerful that they burst through the filtering mechanism. In other words, Moray proposed a selective filter. Deutsch and Deutsch (1963) developed a model in which the location of the filter is even later in the process. They suggested that stimuli are filtered out only after they have been analyzed for both their physical properties and their meaning. This later filtering would allow people to recognize information entering the unattended ear. Proponents of both the selective and the late-filtering mechanisms propose that an attentional bottleneck exists through which only a single source of information can pass. The two models differ only in terms of where they hypothesize the bottleneck to be positioned.
Answer to Question 2
Both the amygdala and thalamus are involved in vigilance. The amygdala particularly plays a pivotal role in the recognition of emotional stimuli. An electroencephalogra m (EEG) will show less low-frequency activity and bigger event-related potentials (ERPs) the more vigilant a person is.
A reindeer sled, Arkhangelsk, Russia. Late nineteenth-century photochrom.
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