Answer to Question 1
1. Personal mastery People reach a special level of proficiency when they live creatively striving for results that matter to them most. Personal mastery forms a spiritual foundation for a learning organization.
2. Mental models These are deeply ingrained assumptions, generalizations, and images that influence how they see the world and what actions to take.
3. Shared vision An organization's view of its purpose.
4. Team learning Teams are the fundamental unit within an organization so it is necessary that each member learn from the others' perspectives and ideas.
5. Systems thinking A conceptual framework for making complete patterns clearer.
Answer to Question 2
The task of design is to map requirements into models and specifications of a product that satisfy those requirements. A finished product has two sets of features: one set satisfies the objectives of the product (or the requirements) while the second set (or the solution features) includes those features that are necessary to make the first set possible and workable within the intended context. Having a long distance dialog via computer is a requirement or the product objective. The technology that allows that is the product that you need to use to reach the objective.
Operant conditioning, also known as trial-and-error learning.
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Education is not the learning of facts, but the training of minds to think