Answer to Question 1
ANS: C
Throughout the preoperational period, young children tend to interpret language in a literal way. For example, the child who is told that he will be put to sleep during the operation tomorrow may think it means the same as the action recently taken for a pet dog who was too ill to live. Children do not ask for clarification, so messages can be misunderstood quite easily. The concrete operations stage occurs from approximately 7 to 11 years of age. The formal operations stage starts at about age 12+ years. The sensorimotor stage is from birth to about 2 years of age.
Answer to Question 2
ANS: A
Preschoolers tend to think of their illness, their separation from parents, and any painful treatments as punishment. Play can be used to help children express their feelings about an illness and to role play coping strategies. Allowing the young child to manipulate syringes and give shots to a doll or put a bandage or restraint on a teddy bear's arm gives the child a chance to act out his feelings. The child becomes the aggressor. Play can be a major channel for communication in the nurse-client relationship involving a young child. Preschool children develop communication themes through their play and work through conflict situations in their own good time; the process cannot be rushed. When working with a school-age child, the nurse should search for concrete examples to which the child can relate rather than giving abstract examples. Abstract thinking occurs in the formal operations stage. Children who are 7-11 years of age are in Piaget's concrete operations stage, in which they master the use of numbers and other concrete ideas such as classification and conservation. Children who are 12+ years of age are in Piaget's formal operations stage, in which they tend to think about the future.
Nurse bees tending to brood in cells both open and capped with beeswax.
B, The nurse teaches the postoperative client to use an incentive spirometer to expand the lungs.
Erythroblastosis fetalis. (a) The condition occurs with an RH+ father and RH– mother. (b) First preg
A nurse administers an intermittent bolus feeding.
Application of an ostomy bag or pouch: B, An ostomy nurse applying an ostomy bag to a stoma;
Anatomic and Physiologic Considerations with Infant and Child Patients