Answer to Question 1
Correct Answer: 3
Even though people of all cultures experience pain, the expression of pain may vary within and between peoples of different cultures. It is important that the nurse understand that a client may exhibit a myriad of verbal and nonverbal cues to express discomfort due to pain, and this behavior may be inconsistent with the nurse's cultural norm in exhibiting pain. Treatment for pain may also vary with culture.
Answer to Question 2
Correct Answer: 1, 2, 4
There are cultures that do not measure time on a clock but as a natural environment perspective. Thus, the client may not take medications at scheduled time intervals and may not keep or may be late for appointments. In certain cultures parents may show a lack of concern about when their children achieve developmental milestones. Time orientation would not ordinarily affect awareness of pain occurring. Time orientation refers to an individual's focus on the past, present or the future. This focus does not determine the ability for an individual to learn.
Understanding Cultural
Opioids for Pain Management
Botox therapy: (left) before treatment; (right) after treatment.
Various sites of referred pain.
Cultural Coherence and Diversity
Hyperbaric Oxygen Chamber Used in the Treatment of Decompression Illness