Answer to Question 1
Correct Answer: 1
In the model used by Leavell and Clark, primary prevention precedes any disease symptoms and encourages optimal health and increases the person's resistance to illness. Secondary prevention presumes the presence of a disease or illness. Tertiary prevention relates to situations in which a disability is already present.
Answer to Question 2
Correct Answer: 2
There is a gap between nursing theory and practice. This gap must be bridged to achieve theory-based practice. Nursing theories must be seen as supporting and guiding practice, and must be communicated in ways that are compelling to nurses who must apply them in a clinical setting. Nursing theories do not have to be linked to medical theories and doing so may decrease their usefulness in nursing. A part of the gap between theory and practice is based upon the disconnect between academia and practice, so it would not be helpful to define theories in terms of advanced nursing education. Requiring each nurse to identify a personal nursing theorist is not a practical solution.
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