The counterfactual concept involves what would have happened to ...

[saraeharris]

The counterfactual concept involves what would have happened to the same people simultaneously exposed and not exposed to a causal factor.
 
  A) True
  B) False

Question 2

A study's purpose was to note maternal responses to infant cues within the first 48 hours after birth.
 
  The investigator and research assistant simultaneously but independently observed and scored the new mothers' behaviors while holding their infants en face. The agreement between the two raters can be described as which of the following? A) Content validity of the scoring instrument
  B) Internal validity of the research design
  C) Reliability of the scoring instrument
  D) External validity of the research design

[Awesome]

Answer to Question 1

A

Answer to Question 2

C
Feedback:
Equivalence, in reliability assessment, primarily concerns the degree to which two or more independent observers or coders agree about scoring on an instrument. If there is a high level of agreement, then the assumption is that measurement errors have been minimized. The degree of error can be assessed through interrater or interobserver reliability procedures, which involve having two or more observers or coders make independent observations.