Which of the following are variables? (Select all that apply.) ...

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Which of the following are variables? (Select all that apply.)
 
  a. Sanctity
  b. How many times the experimental monkey rings the bell
  c. Dja vu
  d. The number of speeding tickets Richard receives in July of this year
  e. Darwin's theory of evolution

Question 2

Directional statements are relational statements with the specific relationship between variables defined. These are diagrammatically represented by letters and arrows. The diagram B D means which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
 
  a. B causes D only a small amount of the time.
  b. When D is high, B is low in value.
  c. When B is high, D is low in value.
  d. There is no relationship between B and D.
  e. B is smaller than D.
  f. D is smaller than B.

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Answer to Question 1

ANS: B, D
To make a concept more concrete, the researcher identifies how the concept will be measured or observed. These measurable terms are referred to as variables. A variable is more specific than a concept and implies that the term is clearly defined and measurable. The word variable implies that the numerical values associated with the term vary from one instance to another. The key concept here is measurement: can this idea by measured, as stated?

Answer to Question 2

ANS: B, C
A relational statement declares that a relationship of some kind exists between or among two or more concepts. Relational statements describe the direction, shape, strength, symmetry, sequencing, probability of occurrence, necessity, and sufficiency of a relationship. The direction of a relationship may be positive, negative, or unknown. A positive linear relationship implies that as one concept (the value or amount of the concept increases or decreases), the second concept will also change in the same direction. For example, the literary statement The risk of illness (A) increases as stress (B) increases expresses a positive relationship. This positive relational statement could also be expressed as The risk of illness decreases as stress decreases. Diagrammatically, this relationship could be depicted as follows: B A. Diagrammatically, A B depicts a negative relationship and A B depicts that the relationship between the variables is unknown.

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