Answer to Question 1
ANS: A
Penicillin, developed in the 1930s and 1940s, was deliberately withheld from the research subjects and their families, so as to study the effects of the natural progression of syphilis.
The purpose of the study, the benefits of the knowledge gained, did not outweigh the risks of untreated disease, not only onto the subjects of the study, but also to the sexual contacts and children of the subjects who also contracted syphilis.
The original research study design was set to continue through the natural progression of the disease.
The subjects were aware that they were in a research study. The problem was that they were not fully informed as to the nature of the study.
Answer to Question 2
ANS: B
The principle of justice states that human subjects should be treated fairly in terms of the benefits and risks of research. This is one of the goals of the HIPAA regulations.
The principle of beneficence encourages the researcher to do good and above all, do no harm. Violation of the subjects' privacy rights could do a great deal of harm.
The principle of respect for persons indicates that persons should be treated as autonomous agents with the right to participate in a study or not.
The right to self-determination is based on the ethical principle of respect for persons and it indicates that humans are capable of controlling their own destiny.
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