Answer to Question 1
ANS: C
The right to protection from discomfort and harm from a study is based on the ethical principle of beneficence, which states that one should do good and, above all, do no harm.
The right to fair treatment suggests that people should be treated fairly and should receive what they are due or owed.
Complete anonymity exists if the subject's identity cannot be linked, even by the researcher, with his or her individual responses. Confidentiality is the safe management of private information shared by a subject. The researcher must refrain from sharing that information without the authorization of the subject. Research findings need to be reported so that a subject or group of subjects cannot be identified.
Self-determination refers to individuals' rights to knowingly become a subject in the study or not and to do so of their own free will.
Answer to Question 2
ANS: A
A breach of confidentiality occurs when a researcher, by accident or direct action, allows an unauthorized person to gain access to the raw data of a study.
Fair treatment means that people should be treated the same without regard to any special characteristics.
Protection from harm is concerned with preventing as much discomfort to the subjects as possible and making sure they are aware ahead of time of any potential risk.
Self-determination refers to individuals' rights to knowingly become a subject in the study or not and to do so of their own free will.
Changes in boreal forest composition along a chronosequence in Quebec. Dates refer to the year of th
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