Answer to Question 1
Revolutions are a subtype of civil war in which the winning side not only takes
control of the state but implements radical change, such as bringing previously excluded
groups of people into power, redistributing economic wealth, and creating new political
institutions. Revolutions are so rare because insurgents do not always win, and because
many insurgent leaders are warlords or military leaders more interested in power and
its trappings than in carefully cultivating popular support.
Answer to Question 2
Geography can be an important source of state weakness contributing to civil war. In some countries, nature creates opportunities for rebels to mobilize and sustain conflict. Specifically, civil war is much more likely in countries with (1) rough terrainmountains or dense forests, and (2) highly dispersed populations. Rough terrain and a dispersed population tend to weaken states' capacity to control their borders, provide public order, prevent smuggling, and deliver services to citizens. These factors give insurgents a military advantage over the state's security forces, as they will have lots of opportunities to hide and to obtain supplies and support far from the central government's military bases.
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