Answer to Question 1
An ideal response will:
1, Define the delegate model of representation as the type of representation by which representatives are elected to do the bidding of the people who elected them, share the same policy positions as the voters, and promise to act upon them. Define the trustee model of representation as the type of representation by which representatives are elected to do what they think is best for their constituents.
2, Explain that, roughly speaking, members of the House tend to act more like delegates, and members of the Senate behave more like trustees. They do so because of the electoral incentives they face. Because members of the House face more homogenous constituents at more regular intervals, they have stronger incentives to act on behalf of their public's current preferences. But senators, because they face more heterogeneous constituents over longer periods of time, can reflect on the deeper interests of a citizenry.
Answer to Question 2
An ideal response will:
1, Indicate that some judges believe that courts should interpret the Constitution as the Framers wrote and originally intended it; the Constitution can be understood only by reference to its historical record.
2, Recall that other judges think of the Constitution as a document that changes over time; for these judges, the Constitution has no fixed or final meaning.
3, Explain that other judges prefer to concentrate on a literal reading of the Constitution's text; they focus on the actual words of the Constitution and what implications they have for the dispute at hand.
Ribbon representation of the myosin S1 fragment (from coordinates supplied by Ivan Rayment
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A graphical representation of correlations in IQ measurements in different sets of individuals. The