Answer to Question 1
Reactivity refers to the effects of an assessment procedure on the behavior being assessed. It is more likely when observations are obtrusive and the person is aware of the observation. The presence of the observer in the setting is a potential source of reactivity. Unobtrusive observation procedures reduce the likelihood of reactivity. Behavior analysts should use observation methods that are as unobtrusive as possible. Repeating observations reduces the effects of reactivity. Effects of reactivity should be taken into account when interpreting data.
Answer to Question 2
Standardized tests are administered in a specific way with consistent scoring procedures. Some tests assess behavior in relation to population norms. Many are indirect measures of behavior and most do not produce results that can be directly translated into target behavior. Curriculum-based assessments can be direct measure of academic behavior. Administration of standardized tests is often controlled by licensing requirements. Direct observation consists of direct and repeated observation of the client's behavior in their natural environment. Observation requires the full attention of the observer on the person of interest for a specified period of time. Direct observation yields a descriptive, temporally sequenced account of antecedents, behavior, and consequences. Observations contain descriptions of target behaviors that can be used for intervention.
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