One can identify whether an argument is circular reasoning:
a. By evaluating the direction of the relation (e.g., Sally's off-task behavior is due to her attention deficit disorder vs. Sally's attention deficit disorder causes her off-task behavior)
b. By evaluating whether the two components of the argument can be separated and whether one can be manipulated to determine the effect on the other
c. Both A and B
d. Neither A nor B
Question 2
Travis has been training his puppy, Belle, to sit by the back door and bark when she wants to go outside and do her business. First, Travis let her out, provided her with tons of praise, and gave her a treat (all presumed reinforcers) if she sat by the back door and then when outside and urinated. Then, Travis withheld reinforcement for this behavior and provided the reinforcers only if she sat by the door and made a small noise (i.e., a whine). Now that she does that well, Travis is withholding reinforcement for that behavior and only providing the reinforcers if she sits by the door and makes a bark. What has Travis been doing?
a. Shaping sitting by the door and barking when Belle has to urinate.
b. Using differential reinforcement to teach Belle to sit by the door and bark when she has to urinate.
c. Using backward chaining to teach Belle to sit by the door and bark when she has to urinate.
d. A & B
e. B & C
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