Answer to Question 1
Answer: With the event of NCLB legislation and Reading First Initiatives at the federal level and high-stakes testing and school accreditation at the school district level, language arts assessment has taken on greater importance. There is now a national set of educational standards: the Common Core Standards. States feel the impact as they put in place mandated assessments to measure student performance on state-wide language arts standards of learning. Student performance in individual schools at the district level reveals whether students are making adequate yearly progress, which ones are not, and whether a school becomes at risk for losing accreditation. Constituencies also want to know how well teachers are doing with students since tax dollars fund public schools. With so much emphasis on assessment coming from so many quarters, it is important for teachers to ensure that students will be successful readers and writers. In the final analysis, it is the classroom teacher who best assesses student literacy performance and best instructs students based on those assessments. Through the teacher's own assessment and instruction, he or she will know more about language, reading, and writing abilities of students than any single national, state, or district measure.
Answer to Question 2
A
Pupil assessment; B, moving penlight directly in front of pupil.
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