Some L2 learners' phonology may stabilize, especially when they ...

[krzymel]

Some L2 learners' phonology may stabilize, especially when they start to learn the L2 at an older age. This is referred to as
 
  a. bilingual bootstrapping
  b. zone of proximal development
  c. fossilization
  d. mediation

Question 2

Research related to contrastive analysis
 
  a. started with the assumption that differences between L1 and L2 would not lead to problems for L2 learners
  b. examines a complex conceptualization of L2 learning
  c. indicates that L2 learners do not consistently transfer an L1 structure to L2
  d. indicates that areas of difficulty for L2 learners can be predicted based on L1 characteristics

[Harbringer]

Answer to Question 1

c

Answer to Question 2

c