Answer to Question 1
B
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A Incorrect. Self-report is one parameter used to evaluate pain and still it is still necessary to draw a relationship between the pain level and another factor.
B Correct. The nurse instructs the older adult to maintain a pain diary to help the individual achieve some control over the pain experience. The diary is then used to identify trends or the timing of pain and relationships between the pain level and comfort measures, activity, and pain medications. Many older adults report feeling useful and having some control over the pain, or at least the pain man-agement program, through maintaining a pain diary.
C Incorrect. The Faces Pain Scalerevised is a reliable pain assessment tool, but the task remains to link the pain rating to other factors.
D Incorrect. The frequency of medication administration provides a clue about the patient's pain level.
Answer to Question 2
B
The nurse helps older adults preserve their vision by recommending sunglasses that block harmful ultraviolet rays. Although vitamin A intake is encouraged to promote visual health and to relieve dry eyes, 50,000 units is a huge dose with the potential to cause liver damage; this dose is used to treat acne but only for limited periods. Reading in good light is usually easier for older adults; however, reading in poor light does not cause eye damage. An ophthalmologist should check the vision of an older adult every year.
The nurse is using Standard Precautions to draw blood.
Evaluation measures to determine the success of goals
Older adults may need special assistance with medications.
Review in Changes in Eight Different Domains of Adult Functioning
Phases of pain physiology.
Proprioreceptive reflex to a pain stimulus