Answer to Question 1
ANS: A
In normal aging, the heart valves separating the chambers thicken and stiffen as a result of lipid deposits and collagen cross-linking. Mild systolic murmurs (between S1 and S2) are expected findings in the older adult. Aortic and mitral valves are those most commonly affected. If the nurse auscultates a systolic murmur in an asymptomatic older adult, he or she should ask about it. Most older adults will reply that they have had it for a while. If this is not the case, the person is referred to a cardiologist. If the new finding is accompanied by any significant signs or symp-toms of distress, it is a medical emergency. Diastolic murmurs (heard between S2 and S1) are al-ways indicative of a serious problem in cardiac hemodynamics and these persons are followed closely by a cardiologist.
Answer to Question 2
ANS: A, B, C
Options A, B, and C are all roles of the nurse in the stable phase of chronic illness. Option d is a role of the nurse in the preventive phase of chronic illness. Option E is a role of the nurse in the acute phase of chronic illness.
Sample Exercise Program for Healthy Older Adults
Role-Playing a Situation in Which a Patient Is from Another Culture
Assisting the patient to transfer from the bed or examining table to a wheelchair.
Examples of endocrine disorders. (C) A patient with congenital hypothyroidism.
System of a patient in shock
Ex vivo and in vivo gene therapy for a patient with a liver disorder