Answer to Question 1
Answer: Measures of association which meet Costners P-R-E criterion can be interpreted as the proportion by which you can reduce the number of errors in predicting the dependent variable by knowing the independent variable. Thus, if a P-R-E measure of association is .50 for the relationship between support for racial equality and race, this means that we can reduce the number of errors in the dependent variable (support for racial equality) by 50 by knowing the independent variable (race).
Answer to Question 2
Answer: It means that there are 2 chances out of 100 that the relationship between political party preference and region occurred just by chance in the sample and does not really exist in the population from which the sample was selected. Since we want this probability to be .05 or less in order to say that the relationship is statistically significant, this is a statistically significant relationship: we are deciding that there is a real relationship between these two variables in the population from which the sample was selected.
Measures of ocean chlorophyll-a concentrations from part of Atlantic Canada in (a) January 2006, and
Evaluation measures to determine the success of goals
(B) Interneurons or association neurons.
High in the Andes, a scientist measures the stride of a carnivorous dinosaur
Manhattan plots resulting from a genome-wide association study of seven common human disease