Primary reinforcers are stimuli that:
a. satisfy biologically built-in needs.
b. are the most effective of all reinforcers.
c. work only with students in the lower elementary grades.
d. are effective even when presented before the desired response.
Question 2
A primary reason that some students with physical or sensory challenges have difficulty with disciplines like science and social studies is that they often have:
a. low motivation to achieve academic success in these domains.
b. frequently also have general delays in cognitive and social functioning.
c. limited experience interacting with the physical and social environment.
d. few learning strategies, such as rehearsing or organizing the content.
The pattern of primary succession at Glacier Bay, Alaska.
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