Answer to Question 1
Mundane realism involves the question of whether an experimental setting resembles a situation that a person would be likely to encounter in everyday life. Experimental realism involves whether the participant is engaged properly in the experimental task.
A study can be high in experimental realism but low in mundane realism because the participant engages in the task in the way that the experimenter wants, even if the experimental setting is artificial and controlled.
Answer to Question 2
The U.S. government creates categories for races in its everyday functioning. People are expected to select their race from a limited set of categories and not every governmental agency identifies the same categories as races. Thus there is inconsistency in government categories.
In addition, people currently self-select their racial category. Depending on the purpose of their choice of races, the same person might select different categories. Further, across the decades, the government has used different criteria for assigning race to an individual and has even used categories that have dropped out of use (e.g., quadroon, octoroon, mulatto).
This is a problem in research because scientists often base the racial categories in their research on governmental guidelines. As such, they use categories that are not necessarily reliable. If their categories aren't reliable, then can't be valid.
Loewi's experimental discovery of chemical neurotransmission.
Leonardo da Vinci, Study of Human Proportion: The Vitruvian Man.
The experimental system that permits observation of rotation in the F1 component of F1F0 ATP synthas
Sensitivity study for facial difference
Martorano's cross-sectional study
Experimental deforestation of the Hubbard Brook watershed