Recall the research conducted by Bartlett et al. (2005) on the influence of action figures on male body image.
If participants completed the first experimental condition of handling highly muscular action figures first and the second experimental condition of handling moderately muscular action second, a decrease in self-esteem in the second condition could be due to exposure to the highly muscular action figures from the first condition. When this occurs, a researcher would be concerned about __________.
a. practice effects.
b. presentation effects.
c. carry over effects.
d. all of the above.
Question 2
The following terms are all examples of validity: external, internal, construct, and convergent.
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
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