Which one of the following teachers is definitely scoring students' performance in a norm-referenced manner?
a. Mr. Wyman grades students' essays on the causes of the American Revolution, giving the five best essays an A, the next five best a B, and so on.
b. Mr. Burgess asks his physical education students to do as many chin-ups and push-ups as they can, and he records the number that each student can do.
c. Mr. Carr has his second graders take a quiz on addition number facts over and over again until they can answer all 100 facts correctly within three minutes' time.
d. Mr. Morehead asks his fifth graders to spell the 20 words in this week's spelling assignment, and he counts the number of words each student spells correctly.
Question 2
In which of the following situations would criterion-referenced scores always be more appropriate than norm-referenced scores?
a. To choose students for a program for gifted and talented youth
b. To select students for a highly selective and prestigious university
c. To pretest students' knowledge so that you know where to begin instruction
d. To place students in reading groups based on relative ability
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