Which one of the following statements best captures the nature of cognitive academic language proficiency in describing English language learners?
a. An ability to learn as well as native English speakers in English-only classrooms
b. An ability to carry on conversations about day-to-day topics with teachers and peers
c. An ability to read and understand English texts that are written at a first-grade level
d. An ability to read and understand English texts that are written at a fifth-grade level
Question 2
In which one of the following situations should we be most concerned about the possibility of subtractive bilingualism?
a. Ten-year-old Apsara's father grew up in Canada, whereas her mother grew up in Thailand. The family now lives in the United States. At home Dad almost always speaks English, but Mom often speaks Thai.
b. Twelve-year-old Coshaun lives in an inner-city neighborhood where most of his peers speak a dialect of English very different from that used at school.
c. Eight-year-old Michelle has a specific language impairment that makes it difficult for her to understand other people's speech.
d. After being adopted by American parents, 6-year-old Antoni moves from Poland to Chicago. His new parents don't know Polish, and he now attends an English-speaking school.
Major Findings of the High Scope Preschool Study High Scope participants showed better academic per
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