Answer to Question 1
A
Answer to Question 2
The Arctic region is defined by the July 10C (50F), whereas the Antarctic region is defined by the February July 10C (50F). The Arctic Ocean is covered by pack ice, whereas Antarctica is a continent covered by essentially one giant ice sheet. The Antarctic region is generally cooler than the Arctic region.
Since 1970, about half of the Arctic sea-ice volume has disappeared due to warming. There has also been the opening of the Northeast Passage during the summer. These changes affect surface albedo and the overall global climate.
Another phenomenon is ice sheet darkening, which changes the reflectivity of snow and ice. There may be several causes, such as exposed land, water and vegetation; black carbon from wildfires, and snow metamorphism.
There has also been an increase in meltponds in polar regions, as well as supraglacial lakes.
Another sign of climate change related affects is the breakup of ice shelves in the polar regions.
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Thermodynamic Diagrams and Vertical Temperature Profiles
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